Convert Picovolts to Millivolts
Convert Picovolts (pV) to Millivolts (mV) instantly and accurately.
Conversion Formula
mV = pV × 1.000000000e-9
About Picovolts
The picovolt (pV) equals 10⁻¹² V, the realm of precision metrology and quantum voltage standards. The Josephson voltage standard used by national metrology institutes (NIST, PTB, NPL) reproduces the volt to within 0.01 pV using Cooper-pair tunnelling arrays driven by microwave radiation. Thermocouple noise in cryogenic circuits is also measured in picovolts. 1 pV = 10⁻00b3 nV = 10³ fV.
About Millivolts
The millivolt (mV) equals 10⁻³ V, the everyday scale of biomedical and electrochemical measurements. ECG R-wave peaks are 0.5-3 mV; a silicon p-n junction has a forward voltage of about 600 mV; pH electrodes produce roughly 59.2 mV per pH unit (Nernst equation at 25 °C); lithium-ion cells have an end-of-discharge cutoff at 2 700-3 000 mV. 1 mV = 10⁻³ V = 10³ µV.
Quick Reference Table
| Picovolts (pV) | Millivolts (mV) |
|---|---|
| 1 pV | 1 × 10-9 mV |
| 2 pV | 2 × 10-9 mV |
| 5 pV | 5 × 10-9 mV |
| 10 pV | 1 × 10-8 mV |
| 25 pV | 2.5 × 10-8 mV |
| 50 pV | 5 × 10-8 mV |
| 100 pV | 1 × 10-7 mV |