Convert Picovolts to Volts
Convert Picovolts (pV) to Volts (V) instantly and accurately.
Conversion Formula
V = pV × 1.000000000e-12
About Picovolts
The picovolt (pV) equals 10⁻¹² V, the realm of precision metrology and quantum voltage standards. The Josephson voltage standard used by national metrology institutes (NIST, PTB, NPL) reproduces the volt to within 0.01 pV using Cooper-pair tunnelling arrays driven by microwave radiation. Thermocouple noise in cryogenic circuits is also measured in picovolts. 1 pV = 10⁻00b3 nV = 10³ fV.
About Volts
The volt (V) is the SI derived unit of electric potential, defined as 1 joule per coulomb (1 J/C = 1 W/A = 1 kg·m²·A⁻¹·s⁻³). Named after Alessandro Volta who built the first electrochemical battery in 1800. Common benchmarks: a fresh AA alkaline cell is 1.5 V; USB 2.0 supplies 5 V; a car lead-acid battery is 12 V; household electricity in Europe is 230 V RMS. The volt is reproduced internationally via the Josephson voltage standard.
Quick Reference Table
| Picovolts (pV) | Volts (V) |
|---|---|
| 1 pV | 1 × 10-12 V |
| 2 pV | 2 × 10-12 V |
| 5 pV | 5 × 10-12 V |
| 10 pV | 1 × 10-11 V |
| 25 pV | 2.5 × 10-11 V |
| 50 pV | 5 × 10-11 V |
| 100 pV | 1 × 10-10 V |